NANO- AND MICROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIERARCHICAL BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Nano- and micromechanical properties of hierarchical biological materials and tissues

The mechanical properties of biological materials have been the focal point of extensive studies over the past decades, leading to formation of a new research field that intimately connects biology, chemistry and materials science. Significant advances have been made in many disciplines and research areas, ranging throughout a variety of material scales, from atomistic, molecular up to continuum scales. Experimental studies are now carried out with molecular precision, including investigations of how molecular defects such as protein mutations or protein knockout influence larger lengthand time-scales. Simulation studies of biological materials now range from electronic structure calculations of DNA, molecular simulations of proteins and biomolecules like actin and tubulin to continuum theories of bone and collagenous tissues. The integration of predictive numerical studies with experimental methods represents a new frontier in materials research. The field is at a turning point when major breakthroughs in the understanding, synthesis, control and analysis of complex biological systems emerge. Here we provide a brief perspective of the state of this field and outline new research directions.